I remember how I held my breath as my dad pounded each nail halfway
into the square piece of wood we’d covered in black felt. I watched as
two nails became three, then five, then eight, until the last completed a
perfect circle. Dad handed me the board and I returned to my desk to
consult my math book, which described how to wind string from nail to
nail at measured intervals around the circle. The lines of string began
to create a web around the perimeter of an inchoate circle, this one
hovering magically in the center of the board over the black felt. I
repeated the process twice more, using different colors of string to
mark intervals of greater distance between the nails, forming two
larger, colorful circles around the first one. The resulting design was
beautiful. I kept my fourth-grade foray into parabolic string art on
prominent display in my room until the day I moved to college, never
outgrowing the wonder and satisfaction of seeing the straight lines
yield to a curve.
Iannis Xenakis certainly understood the beauty and perfection of the
parabola. Of Greek heritage, he studied engineering in his home country
during the political upheavals of the 1940s; eventually, his leftist
political sympathies drove him away from Greece, to Paris, where he
worked for more than a decade for Le Corbusier. Xenakis nurtured an
extracurricular interest in musical composition and began to merge his
two passions. Metastaseis (1953-54),
for orchestra, attempts to realize—musically—the sweeping parabolic
shapes of an architectural sketch: in the opening minute, the string
section divides into entirely separate parts, and each player’s taut
glissando threads itself into a mass of sound that in turn wraps around
the listener. The music revels in seductive and spacious arcs, even
though it is built on the principles of linear algebra, that is, of
straight lines.
Xenakis explored the relationship of math and musical composition throughout his career: Jonchaies, written almost 25 years after Metastaseis,
sounds like a refined, grown-up version of the earlier work. The
orchestra comprises over one hundred players who slither into and out of
dense rhythmic chaos through Xenakis’s hallmark glissandi. In one
particularly effective passage, brass players bend pitches as if caught
between a jazz club and the fires of hell. Where Metastaseis envelops, Jonchaies consumes.
His investigation of architecture, mathematics, and music
consistently produced music of extreme density, and an exclusively aural
experience of Xenakis’s works can be overwhelming. The early tape piece
Concret PH (1958) is as astonishing in its three minutes of obsessive sonic manipulations as the later Persepolis (1971) and La Légende d’Eer (1977) are in their explorations of extramusical worlds. Concret PH
puts a single sound source—burning charcoal—through the technological
blender to create an uncomfortable symphony, something akin to stepping
into a cold shower of hungry insects or walking through a blizzard of
broken glass. The metallic scrapyard of Persepolis is no more fun, suggesting, as it does, the shrieking and wailing of tortured souls. And La Légende—which
begins and ends quite beautifully, with high-pitched bell-like tones
bouncing from channel to channel—spends a solid seven minutes making
burbling 70s computer noises reminiscent of Dr. Who’s T.A.R.D.I.S. Here,
the ethereal meets the absurd.
The music is visual, visceral, and almost invariably begs to be included with other media. In fact, Xenakis composed Concret PH for the Philips Pavilion at the Brussels World Expo in 1958, and he conceived La Légende as
accompaniment to a light and laser show for the opening of the Centre
Pompidou. Did other media—architecture, light, or imagery—temper the
aural fever of Xenakis’s compositions? I can only imagine.
Certainly, the percussion works invite an appreciation of
instrumentation and technique regardless of a mediated experience. In
these pieces (Persephassa, Psappha, and Pléiades) one can hear the counterpoint of skins, wood, and metal and appreciate the musical parts form a dynamic whole. And yet Persephassa,
the first significant percussion piece (1969), calls for the six
players to be dispersed around the audience. Xenakis’s consideration for
sound in space is ever present.
Mathematical formulas, musical composition, spatialization, and
multimedia. I remember my piece of parabolic string art, and why I
prized it for so many years. From across the room, the impact of the
design—three colorful circles around an omniscient black eye—pleased me
with its grace and simplicity; up close, I could witness the hundreds of
steps—the process—it took to craft it. Like nature, the bones of
architectural renderings remind us of the beauty derived from
mathematical models: both the nautilus shell and the blueprint for a
spiral staircase reveal a theoretical system to which Xenakis gave
sound. It is a musical system where nothing is superfluous, where every
part relates precisely to the whole.
Labels: Heather, Music
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